Basic Theory of X-ray Fluorescence
Create Date:2016-07-01 Click: 3524
X-ray Fluorescence Introduction
Although X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is no longer regarded as a new instrumental technique for elemental analysis, ongoing
evolutionary developments continue to redefine the role of thisimportant analytical tool. From the demonstration
of the first principles in the 1960s to the development of the first commercial instruments in the 1970s,
the increasing availability of affordable computational power has a least been as important to
the desirability and acceptance of the technology as innovative hardware design. With the widespread
availability and use of a 32-bit microprocessor personal computer as the industry standard platform,
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy has become a useful and complimentary laboratory tool to other techniques.
X-Ray Fluorescence Theory
An electron can be ejected from its atomic orbital by the absorption of a light wave (photon) of sufficient energy. The energy of the
photon (hv) must be greater than the energy with which the electron is bound to the nucleus of the atom. When an inner orbital
electron is ejected from an atom, an electron from a
higher energy level orbital will be transferred to the lower energy level orbital. During this transition a photon maybe emitted
from the atom. This fluorescent light is called the characteristic X-ray of the element. The energy of the emitted
photon will be equal to the difference in energies between the two orbitals occupied by the electron making the transition. Because
the energy difference between two specific orbital shells, in a given element, is always the same (i.e. characteristic of a particular element),
the photon emitted when an electron moves between these two levels, will always have the same energy.
Therefore, by determining the energy (wavelength) of the X-ray
light (photon) emitted by a particular element, it is possible to determine the identity of that element.
For a particular energy (wavelength) of fluorescent light emitted by an element, the number of photons per unit time
(generally referred to as peak intensity or count rate) is related to the amount of that analyte in the sample. The counting rates for all
detectable elements within a sample are usually calculated by counting, for a set amount of time, the number of photons that are
detected for the various analytes characteristic X-ray energy lines. It is important to note that these fluorescent lines are
actually observed as peaks with a semi-Gaussian distribution because of the imperfect resolution of modern detector technology.
Therefore, by determining the energy of the X-ray peaks in a sample‘s spectrum, and by calculating the count
rate of the various elemental peaks, it is possible to qualitatively establish the elemental
composition of the samples and to quantitatively measure the concentration of these elements.